Category Archives: Books

Books

“Just Temporarily Alive”: The Transmission Poetry of Jack Grapes and the Stand Up School of Los Angeles Poets

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March 16, 2016

In the past couple months, I have posted entries on two poets who were left out of STAND UP POETRY, an anthology edited by Charles Harper Webb that appeared in a trio of editions between 1992 and 2002. Both Bob Flanagan and Scott Wannberg were inexplicably absent from any edition of STAND UP POETRY. However, there is little to gain from a prolonged belaboring of the gaps in any given project, and I would now rather devote today’s post to a consideration of the writing of Jack Grapes, a poet who is a quintessential member of the Stand Up school. To limit him to that “school,” however would be an error. Here, in fact, to introduce my article that was appended to his collection, THE NAKED EYE, is my blurb for his most recent book:

“One of Los Angeles’ most accomplished poets must certainly be Jack Grapes. Though often linked with the “Stand Up” school, Grapes’ poems are far more willing to engage with themes that are imbued with morbidity and desolation. He does so through his stalwart commitment to a mordantly comic legibility within the larger cultural discourse. The poetry in his recent books make it demonstrably clear that he has an almost instinctual ability—akin to that of a master actor—to shape dramatic metaphors into the enduring substance of a “local habitation and a name.” He fulfills the role of masterful mentorship through a body of work that would serve to inspire anyone who might take up the challenge of writing poetry in the coming decades. The scope of his work, however, will prove to be the most daunting aspect to anyone who decides to make a foray into his extraordinary complex assemblage of poems. He has not made it easy for anyone to grasp the full meaning of his artistic journey. His staggering panoply of accomplishments has an integrity that younger poets have yet to understand as one of his crucial virtues.” —Bill Mohr, author of HOLDOUTS: The Los Angeles Poetry Renaissance 1948-1992 (University of Iowa Press, 2011)

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Books Poetry

Scott Wannberg — “A Heart / at Work”: THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF YES

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March 14, 2016

Scott Wannberg – The Official Language of Yes (Percival Press; 2015)

I bought my copy of Scott Wannberg’s first comprehensive posthumous collection of poems a few months ago at Beyond Baroque and have been squinting at it ever since. Sad to say, the printer in Spain must have diluted his ink until it was a pale gray. As a result, it is hard to read this book for more than a half-hour. I hate to begin this commentary on a book that deserved, at the very least, a nomination for a major award with a complaint about the production, but I was talking to one of my oldest poetry friends around Christmastime and both of us felt the same way about this book’s legibility.

It’s always possible that the faded quality of the ink may have reflected a commitment to more ecologically friendly printing practices, but in that case the choice of paper should have been made more carefully. The odd part is that the printer seems to be the same outfit that produced Wannberg’s earlier collections by Percival Press. One can pick up Strange Movie Full of Death (2009) and glide through the poems without one’s eyes feeling exhausted after ten minutes. In Strange Movie, the ink is solidly embarked on the page and one’s eyes sway gently along. Perhaps a warning note of what transpires in Official Language can be seen in tomorrow is another song (2011); the ink seems to hint at a recessional in thickness. Nevertheless, tomorrow is still an adequately printed book. Official Language disappoints in the puzzling fuzziness of its presentation.

My disappointment in the production aside, The Official Language of Yes serves as a generous grab-bag of poems by a prolific poet who blurs the distinction between Beat and post-Beat. Wannberg is one of those rare poets who refuses to play the language game on any other terms other than an all-out resistance to accommodation. Wannberg’s poems often simmer with a comically contumacious anarchy. If the world is led by self-serving fools, Wannberg not only undercuts their pretensions to legitimate authority with his deft mockery, but shows how to hold up and keep dancing despite being under modernity’s repressive pressures. At times ungainly, his poems almost always regain their inner balance and often pivot and romp in an affirmative celebration of life’s droll absurdities. Whatever his subject of choice at the moment of composition, one finishes the poem nourished by a quirky, elevating humor.

THE 3 THINGS

three things are needed.
a space big enough to die in called privacy
someone’s phone number other than my own
the feeling that no matter how many muscles I make
I remain
vulnerable

EINSTEIN AND THIS GIRL

Einstein and this girl
in a Mexican restaurant
debating the firmament
called time

how it hangs over them
an older brother threatening
to leave but never finding
the room to do so

I don’t remember when I first met Scott Wannberg. My guess is that it was at Vroman’s Bookstore on the Santa Monica Mall. Even back in the early 1980s, Wannberg had already become a kind of literary magician as a book clerk, imparting a month’s worth of cultural aplomb to any customer curious enough to ask for a book recommendation. One rarely left the store with only one book in hand. Scott should have worked for commission. He was a literary matchmaker, and the blind dates were always memorable. It wasn’t just individual readers and books that Scott brought together. He was a single degree of separation between a vast number of people in Los Angeles who were otherwise strangers. In knowing that he was our guide when we went to Dutton’s Books on San Vicente Blvd., we knew we were part of an improvised library of uncommon devotion to the written word. There might well have been someone like him in New York, London, or San Francisco, but I doubt it. To engage with Scott at Dutton’s was to experience a theatrical causerie.

If I don’t recollect personal history, I do remember, however, my sense of dismay when I was about to take “Poetry Loves Poetry” to the printer in the summer of 1985. There were over five dozen Los Angeles-based poets in that anthology, but Scott Wannberg was not one of them. To this day, I’m not certain how that could have happened. It wasn’t for lack of access to his writing. I had a copy of Mr. Mumps, his first collection from Ouiji Madness Press. In fact, the copy is signed with a nod towards Momentum, the magazine I edited and published in the 1970s:

“For Bill, who was the first stevedore of swing to put my nectarine of a name in print (&) who deserves a rainbow of resonance for his energy & love & passion. The birthday tonight is among happy strangers.” – Scott 5/28/82.

Mr. Mumps is definitely not part of the accessible canon. Only two libraries in the entire United States have a copy of it, and both are in Northern California. Mr. Mumps features 34 poems, several of which should have been in “Poetry Loves Poetry.” How could I have passed up the opportunity to anthologize “They Came from Beneath the Planet of the Moral Majority.” “Smiling Samurai,” and “Another L.A. Poem”? I have often had people tell me that “Poetry Loves Poetry” is one of their favorite anthologies, and it still holds up for me, but Wannberg’s absence remains an inordinate lapse.

Perhaps his absence from “Poetry Loves Poetry” addresses the distinctiveness of Wannberg’s poetry. It is not so much that he serves as another instance of that classic buttress of marginality, the poet’s poet, as he is the poet who refuses to be other than a poet. There is an acceleration in Wannberg’s writing that concedes nothing to the career imperatives of being on the judicious wave-lengths of social feasibility. Wannberg, as far as I can tell, never courted editors or publishers or attended events in hopes of securing some spot for himself in the sticky carnival of popularity. He is not the only such case of self-effacement in the literary realm, but he is the one most affectionately remembered by those such as myself who should have done more to call attention to his work when he was alive.

It gave me special pleasure, therefore, to be able to include a substantial number of sections from a long poem by Wannberg in the recently published anthology, Cross-Strokes: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The poem has a very long title: “the cat put me out last night just before world war III came strutting down my street to angrily knock onmy door and demanded that i tell it what the hell i meant when i gave my dog my car keys and said here, you take care of business for awhile.” It is possible that there are other major, substantial poems about the murders of Harvey Milk and Mayor Moscone in San Francisco on November 27, 1978, but this may be one of the few that will still be worth reading a half-century after the assassinations.

Wannberg was a vigorous and lively reader of his poems, yet he never found himself counted among the spoken word poets who rose to prominence in the early 1990s, nor was he included in the Stand Up poets with whom he shared a common ambidexterity of seething wit and soothing emancipations. Perhaps one cannot feel completely freed of self-imposed burdens, after reading his poems, but the abjection is less confining. Consider the role of servitude in the following poem, for instance:

WINNERS AND LOSERS

The Winners are coming over for dinner.
They will expect you to put out the best silver.
The Losers are eating very fast.
They have to be gone when the Winners pull up in front.
The Losers will get indigestion from eating so fast.
The Winners on the other hand, will take hours to get
through a simple meal.
I’m jus the kitchen help.
Apparently I have no life other than making sure
the best silver is properly used.
The Losers, well, I like them a lot better.
They eat with their fingers. And they bleed just like me.
The Winners never bleed.
They are insufferable.
The Winners always get my name wrong,
even when I wear a name badge.
Being Winners, they feel no obligation to call me by
my right name.
The Losers, they drink a lot, and being full of drink,
take great pains to say my name the right way.
It is a thing of principle with them,
to be very drunk, and still be able to say my name.
Sometimes I have no name.
Sometimes, I have many names.
The Winners never really see me.
The Losers see me too much.
There has to be some place in between
where things just go, jell, and do.
There has to be some place
where the lovers never have to win or lose.
There has to be some heart
at work.
(“The Official Language of Yes,” page 145)

Any number of poems get published every day in the United States that could make an official claim to be more elegantly composed or strewn with subtle intricacies. There is little use in remonstrating the abundance of idle imagination put to use on self-indulgent themes, however; far better to acknowledge that time is getting short, and in that oncoming brevity to turn to Scott Wannberg’s poems as a way to hold fast to the slim chance of a redemptive chorography, one with a “heart / at work.” All the whimsical line-breaks in the world are of little help if a poet lacks the heart to say what must be said if this planet’s chief tenants are to pull themselves back from the precipice.

* * *
Finally, those who read my blog on any steady basis might recall that I wrote about the peculiar absence of Bob Flanagan from the “Stand Up” poetry anthologies that Charles H. Webb edited between 1992 and 2002. The omission of Scott Wannberg is equally puzzling. Maybe more puzzling. After all, Flanagan did become better known as a performance artist in the final third of his life. Wannberg was a poet who was constantly visible as a poet throughout his life. Academic poets, it would appear, like to imagine that there is no longer an “underground” in American poetry. Such an erasure only reinforces the suspicion of those in that underground of how woefully incapable many people are when it comes to reading out of a narrow comfort zone.

For those who are working on anthologies of poetry and who are tired of the same old roster, I would suggest typing up Scott Wannberg’s “of the people, by the people, for the people…” and taping a copy of it on the door to your workroom. Let your anthology build itself around Wannberg’s indefatigable alacrity.

Books

Leland Hickman — The Incomplete Epic of TIRESIAS

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March 10, 2016

I met Lee Hickman at the Beyond Baroque Wednesday night poetry workshop in late 1971. By the late spring of 1973, I was driving across town on my Honda 100cc motorcycle to visit him at the house he shared with Charles Macaulay. The house itself was owned by Raymond Burr, the actor best known for playing rogue lawyer Perry Mason on television. Lee had a small workroom towards the rear of the house, and we would talk about our poetry and our current reading. I first published his poetry in the second issue of BACHY magazine in 1973, but I had turned the poetry editorship over to John Harris shortly after that issue came out and decided to start my own magazine, MOMENTUM. Lee’s poems were featured in issues 1, 2, 4, and 5. By the time the fifth issue came out in 1975, I had decided to start publishing books, too, and the appearance of books such as Holly Prado’s FEASTS in 1976 and Jim Krusoe’s SMALL PIANOS in 1978 certainly reassured Lee that I would be capable of serving as the producer of his first book, whenever he finally brought it to completion. GREAT SLAVE LAKE SUITE: Tiresias I:9:B was published in 1980, and Hickman’s book was one of five nominees in the poetry category for the Los Angeles Times Book Awards.

By that time, Lee had been serving as the editor of BACHY magazine for its last ten issues, and when that magazine went defunct, he started his own magazines, the first of which was BOXCAR (co-edited with Paul Vangelisti and Dennis Phillips), and the second, TEMBLOR, which ran for ten splendid issues in the second half of the 1980s. He died in May, 1991, from complications due to the AIDS virus. It is hard to believe that Lee has been dead a quarter-century. “Even the dead are growing old.”

After his death, I continued to speak up for the value of Lee’s poetry, though fewer and fewer people seemed to be interested. At one point early on in the first decade of the 21st century, Suzanne Lummis said to me, “Ah. Lee Hickman. Nobody talks about him much anymore.” And it was true. Still, I persisted, and when I found myself at an event at Poet’s House in New York City in 2005, I took advantage of a conversation with Stephen Motika to cite Lee’s work as a neglected masterpiece that deserved restoration. Stephen had not known of Lee’s poetry, but when he did have a chance to read it, he immediately recognized its authority. He set about putting together a manuscript that would constitute a Collected Poems. Both of us went together to the UCSD Special Archives and took notes, and then compared and assembled our list of possibilities. By the summer of 2008, I had written an afterword, and Dennis Phillips had written a very fine introduction. TIRESIAS: The Collected Poems was published by Nightboat Books in 2009, followed by an exhilarating group reading and celebration of Lee’s posthumous collection at St. Mark’s Poetry Project.

I attach my afterword to TIRESIAS as a way of giving young poets who are just now in the process of forming their own canon of 20th century American poets an introduction to one of its most tantalizing shapeshifters, Leland Hickman (1934-1991).

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Books Poetry

“CROSS-STROKES” cracks the SPD best-seller list

Small Press Distribution has just released its list of its top 20 best-selling books in February, 2016. Neeli Cherkovski and I are pleased to note that our anthology, “CROSS-STROKES: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco,” is listed at number 11. It equally pleases me to report that Douglas Kearney’s “SOMEONE TOOK THEY TONGUES” (Subito Press) is at the top of the list. Douglas was one of the instructors at my CSU Summer Arts program at Monterey Bay this past summer, and he did a fantastic job of inspiring the students. Anyone who has a chance to hear him read his poems should hurry to get a front-row seat.

“Cross-Strokes: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco is the first anthology to examine the movement of poets up and down the West Coast after World War II. This volumes gathers over two dozen representative figures who exemplify the overlooked intermingling of a pair of feisty scenes. In revealing new layers of mutual influences, Cross-Strokes traces the restless poetics that epitomizes the small press movement in California.” — Bill Mohr, editor The Streets Inside: Ten Los Angeles Poets and “Poetry Loves Poetry”

Neeli Cherkovski is an internationally known poet and literary chronicler. His most recent poetry collection is The Crow and I. He is currently completing his memoirs.

Bill Mohr is a poet and literary historian who teaches at CSU Long Beach; his most recent book is a bi-lingual collection of poems, Pruebas Ocultas (Bonobos Editores, 2016).

SMALL PRESS DISTRIBUTION
POETRY
February 2016
1. Someone Took They Tongues by Douglas Kearney (Subito Press)
2. Emergency Brake by Ruth Madievsky (Tavern Books)
3. Other People’s Comfort Keeps Me Up at Night by Morgan Parker (Switchback Books)
4. A Crown for Gumecindo by Laurie Ann Guerrero (Aztlan Libre Press)
5. The Collected Poems of Chika Sagawa by Chika Sagawa (Canarium Books)
6. Benediction by Alice Notley (Letter Machine Editions)
7. Only Love Can Bring You Peace: Selected Lyrics (1990-2014) by Simon Joyner (Magic Helicopter Press)
8. Poem Without Suffering by Josef Kaplan (Wonder)
9. Evening Oracle by Brandon Shimoda (Letter Machine Editions)
10. The Absence of Knowing by Matthew Henriksen (Black Ocean)
11. Cross Strokes: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco by Bill Mohr and Neeli Cherkovski, eds.
(Otis Books | Seismicity Editions)
12. Fearful Beloved by Khadijah Queen (Argos Books)
13. Poems by Gerard Legro by Jerrold Levy and Richard Negro (BookThug)
14. Seaglass Picnic by Frances Driscoll (Pleasure Boat Studio)
15. Farther Traveler by Ronaldo V. Wilson (Counterpath Press)
16. Shipbreaking by Robin Beth Schaer (Anhinga Press)
17. Solar Maximum by Sueyeun Juliette Lee (Futurepoem Books)
18. Literature for Nonhumans by Gabriel Gudding (Ahsahta Press)
19. Let’s Let That Are Not Yet: Inferno by Ed Pavlić (Fence Books)
20. Modern Love & Other Myths by Joyce Sutphen (Red Dragonfly Press)

For more information about CROSS-STROKES, write William.BillMohr@gmail.com
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Books Poetry

“El Desocultamiento de las Pruebas: La Poesia de Bill Mohr y Su Traduccion en Mexico”

Jose Luis Rico wrote an introduction to the book of my poems that Bonobos Editores published last Spring. I am incredibly grateful both to him and Robin Myers for their willingness to champion my writing. I also profoundly appreciate the steadfast determination of Amelia Suarez at Bonobos Editores in securing the funding for the book’s publication from the Mexican government’s equivalent of the National Endowment for the Arts.

Pruebas Ocultas: Antologia poetica is difficult to obtain in the United States, and I am hoping to figure out a way to publish a version of this book in the United States. Not all of the poems that Jose and Robin translated ended up being Pruebas Ocultas, and perhaps an expanded bi-lingual edition might prove to be a feasible project. In the meantime, Jose Luis Rico’s essay might be of interest to those bored with the fashion show of much contemporary, mainstream verse in the United States.

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Books

Jim Krusoe: a review of HOTEL DE DREAM

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March 1, 2016

Another Archival Review: Jim Krusoe’s HOTEL DE DREAM (Los Angeles: Illuminati Press, 1991)

Jim Krusoe’s novels include GIRL FACTORY; TOWARD YOU; PARSIFAL; and the recently published THE SLEEP GARDEN, which I reviewed in my blog a couple weeks ago. Krusoe began his literary career as a poet, however, and published four full-length books of poetry between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s. In the mid-1980s, he won a NEA fellowship in Creative Writing on the basis of a portfolio of poems. The books of poems were all published by small presses in Los Angeles (Bombshelter Press; Momentum Press; Little Caesar Press; and Illuminati Press). It’s hard to think of a quartet of books of poetry published in the final decades of the past century that was so resolutely ignored by critics north of San Luis Obispo and east of Riverside. Jimm Cushing, one of the founding members of Cahuenga Press, was fortunate enough to get a review published in the LA Reader that included an extended commentary on Krusoe’s poetry, but there is precious little besides that. I recently found in my archives a review I wrote of Krusoe’s poems, which never got published anywhere, and in the interest of adding to the thin sheaf of commentary on the poetry of a major American novelist, I am making it available in my blog.

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Books Poetry

Clairvoyant Organist: a review of Trish Hampl’s First Book of Poems

One of the best literary magazines of the early 1970s was LAMP IN THE SPINE, edited by Jim Moore and Trish Hampl. Both Moore and Hampl had attended the University of Iowa workshop, after which they moved back to their hometown of the Twin Cities and settled in for the duration. (Moore first distinguished himself by being one of the few poets of his generation to resist the draft and serve a term in prison.) Their magazine ran for nine issues and made a point of being interested in poems that differed from the workshop model that would be valorized in Daniel Halpern’s mid-decade anthology. Both Moore and Hampl had first books of poems published by the University of Pittsburgh Press, and I wrote reviews of both books. My review of Jim Moore’s book of poem, THE NEW BODY, was published in Beyond Baroque’s magazine, but my long review of Trish Hampl’s first book of poems never got published. Trish moved on to become primarily known as a non-fiction author who won a Guggenheim Award and the MacArthur (“Genius”) Foundation grant, as well as two NEA Creative Writing Fellowships. Her lapidary prose still shows her original grounding in quietly lyrical, meditative language. Here is a partial list of her books:

I Could Tell You Stories: Soujourns in the Land of Memory (Norton)
Spillville. Hampl, Patricia, Milkweed Editions, 1987.
Resort and Other Poems. Hampl, Patricia, Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
A Romantic Education. Hampl, Patricia, Houghton Mifflin, 1981.
Woman Before an Aquarium. Hampl, Patricia, University of Pittsburph Press, 1978.
Burning Bright, anthology of sacred poetry (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). Ed. Patricia Hampl. Ballantine, 1995.
Blue Arabesque: A Search for the Sublime. Hampl, Patricia, Harcourt, Author, 2006.
Virgin Time. Hampl, Patricia, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1992.

In going through my archives a few years ago, I found a long-lost version of a review of WOMAN BEFORE AN AQUARIUM that I had keyboarded on a Compugraphic 7500 typesetting machine one evening when I stayed late after work at Radio & Records. I hope at least a few readers will not only go to their libraries and read her first book of poems, but will also dig into some of her other books. According to World Cat, by the way, over three hundred libraries have a copy of WOMAN BEFORE AN AQUARIUM.

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Books Poetry

CROSS-STROKES: Beyond Baroque publication reading

Beyond Baroque will host a publication reading for CROSS-STROKES: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco
featuring S.A. Griffin, Paul Vangelisti, Phoebe MacAdams, Joe Safdie, Doren Robbins, Richard Modiano and Bill Mohr

Poets will be reading not only their own work in CROSS-STROKES, but the poems of their friends and predecessors.
S.A. Griffin will be reading Scott Wannberg.
Phoebe MacAdams will be reading Ellen Sander and Lewis MacAdams.
Paul Vangelisti will be reading Jack Hirschman.
Bill Mohr will be reading Tim Reynolds and Bruce Boyd.
Doren Robbins will be reading Sharon Doubiago.

Friday, February 26, 2016
8:00 p.m.
681 Venice Blvd.
Venice, CA 90291

“Cross-Strokes: Poetry between Los Angeles and San Francisco is the first anthology to examine the movement of poets up and down the West Coast after World War II. This volumes gathers over two dozen representative figures who exemplify the overlooked intermingling of a pair of feisty scenes. In revealing new layers of mutual influences, Cross-Strokes traces the restless poetics that epitomizes the small press movement in California.” — Bill Mohr, editor The Streets Inside: Ten Los Angeles Poets and “Poetry Loves Poetry”

Neeli Cherkovski is an internationally known poet and literary chronicler. His most recent poetry collection is The Crow and I. He is currently completing his memoirs.

Bill Mohr is a poet and literary historian who teaches at CSU Long Beach; his most recent book is Pruebas Ocultas.

For more information, write William.BillMohr@gmail.com
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Books Poetry

American Mustard — Issue Three

Friday, February 5, 2016

David Diaz & Olivier Bochettaz sent me a notice that the third issue of their poetry magazine, AMERICAN MUSTARD, is now available for reading. Many poets in this issue attended “The Poet’s Metamorphosis: From Page to Stage to Screen” this past summer at CSU Monterey Bay. The poet-teachers included Juan Felipe Herrera, Ellen Bass, Marilyn Nelson, Douglas Kearney, and Cecilia Woloch.

You can also consult the e-book for free:
http://issuu.com/olivierbochettaz/docs/mustard_iii_for_issuu

You can purchase physical copies here:

http://www.lulu.com/…/ameri…/paperback/product-22550659.html

To stay connected to American Mustard Magazine:
http://americanmustard.weebly.com/

Or to acquire Vol. I and II:
http://www.lulu.com/shop/search.ep?contributorId=1337096

Books Contemporary Fiction Poetry

Book Review: THE SLEEP GARDEN by Jim Krusoe

Sunday, January 31, 2016

BOOK REVIEW: The Sleep Garden — Jim Krusoe (Tin House, 2016)

It’s a rainy, blustery afternoon in Los Angeles County, but if you feel like stirring out of the house, ease on over to Diesel Books in Santa Monica, where Jim Krusoe will be reading from The Sleep Garden, his best novel yet, at 3 p.m. His first several published volumes of writing were poetry (History of the World; Small Pianos; Jungle Girl), and The Sleep Garden circles back to the scoured diction of that early work and brings his vision of life and afterlife to fruition. Given that an early meditation on the spondee of “rectum” adumbrates the irony of the characters’ exit, stage left, through the kitchen to their ultimate dissolution, it is a surprisingly and often humorous journey.

Krusoe’s control of tone in this existential fable is pitch-perfect. It begins with a mild echo of Beatrix Potter and Emily Dickinson all rolled into a delicate omelet of forestalled tragicomedy. The characters in The Sleep Garden have no doubt arrived at their current residence, The Burrow, with the same trepidation experienced by Dickinson’s anonymous narrator in “Because I Could Not Stop for Death,” but the horses’ heads have been forgotten as they settled in, and life in this cloistered suburban complex has proved to be much the same as it was above ground. In fact, the characters seem to have picked up exactly where they might have left off in their previous condition, which is to say Viktor is just as obsessed with making money for the sake of playing that game, and Heather is still called upon and put upon by males who need a vocal prosthesis to accompany their masturbatory fantasies.

On one level, Krusoe has written an updated version of Sartre’s Huis Clos, except that the characters seems to be much more accommodating of each other. Well, most of them are accommodating. In a metatext that serves as the underside to the comic dalliances of the main cast, there is a set of “technicians” who keep the stage show afloat. They are the stage crew who are waiting for their own Godot to show up, and serve as a kind of slow-witted Brechtian chorus. No doubt there are operations manuals that the author had access to, but we as readers were spared that labor. That irony can work on the level of authorial excision is not the least tangy part of Krusoe’s jesting in the face of “Zero,” the sum of the game played mostly (if not entirely) in the minds of the novel’s characters.

It helps, of course, to have done enough reading so that one catches the allusions. The Captain’s “memory breaks like low waves against a distant shore in search of an answer. Break break break … nothing.” Given the eventual revelation of the funerary nature of the Burrow, it helps the immediate accumulation of hints for one to hear the opening syllables in that passage of Tennyson’s “Crossing the Bar.” One doesn’t have to know this to remain entranced with the narrative, but the subtle coloring is otherwise lost.

Other references will be caught by most people without too much of an effort. Raymond, for instance, has a photograph from a sports magazine tacked up on his wall. The model in the picture is a woman in a swimsuit, and it’s not hard to attribute this clipped image to Sports Illustrated and its famous annual display of swimming attire. However, what no reader can possibly anticipate is the model’s metamorphosis into a post-modern Diogenes. As with so many other instances throughout The Sleep Garden, the aftertaste of the laugh is just as delicious as the first bite.

The audience for this novel will primarily be those who have not watched much television during the past forty years, but I mention this bifurcation because a fictional short-lived television show has a major role in the novel’s droll commentary on contemporary life, and the relationship of the characters in the novel to the characters in “Mellow Valley” constitutes one of the major mordant temblors of The Sleep Garden. Let not your ignorance of popular culture trivia dismay you, and do not fret if a show such as “Friends” does not evoke any specific image more than “Welcome Back, Kotter.” The predominance of the culture industry gets its comeuppance in this novel, but not in a vindictive manner. In this case, the spoiled child of popular culture spanks itself. It could be said, in fact, Horkheimer and Adorno might enjoy The Sleep Garden, though they might grouse afterwards that it let the culture industry off too easily.

Those two aside, most other readers will look forward to reading this novel a second and a third time. Ballerina Mouse is one of the most heartbreaking aging ingénues to ever undertake an existential rehearsal. Even very minor characters, such as the Vietnam veteran, Sgt. Moody, leave the reader with a haunting layer of the untold as being more brutal than anything that could be told.

The Sleep Garden awaits us all, Krusoe hints, no matter what endeavors we commit ourselves to. Some commitments are easier than others, however. Rather than worrying about your own personal failures in whatever you might have tried to do in your life, I would recommend the best therapy session that you will ever attend. By the end of reading this novel, you will be able to accept much that seemed too difficult to bear just a short time ago.